Technical Evaluation and Analysis on Global Public Blockchains Bluebook
（2020-05）
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The public chain is the most interesting in the current blockchain field and the most widely used project type at this stage. However, there are certain technical and security risks in the public chain. Both developers, investors, and enterprises must maintain a calm and cautious attitude towards the public chain. In the past, the evaluation of the technical content and research and development of public chain projects mostly came from the interpretation of the content of its white paper and the current project product status. The content of objective data analysis was seriously insufficient, resulting in the lack of serious data support for the analysis results. It is particularly important to strip out the pure blockchain technology value under the "noisy background" of the coin. Beijing Tiande Technology Co., Ltd. combined with Chain Tower Think Tank Company and relevant authorities, using its self-developed Taishan sandbox-blockchain technology evaluation database system, combined with a lot of historical public chain rating experience, completed this public chain project. Technical assessment and analysis report.
This issue collects and sorts out the relevant information of the public chain corresponding to the digital tokens with higher market value (top 200). The data collection date is as of October 15, 2018. The white paper, open source community, source code, technical team, project products and other dimensions are calculated and evaluated for specific indicators, and the overall situation of the public chain project is as follows:
There are 157 digital tokens in open source community projects with open main chain or smart contract source code, of which 156 projects are GitHub community projects and 1 project (Ardor) is a Bitbucket community project. Evaluation work.
For 156 public chain (smart contract) projects with core main chain technical data and evaluation conditions, using a combination of objective data analysis and subjective technical evaluation, the technical evaluation model framework is used to calculate the evaluation score of its technology for developers To provide investors with their value reference, the top 20 rankings of the technical evaluation points of this project are as follows.
| Rank | Blockchain project | Technical evaluation value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Ethereum
Symbol
ETH
|
116.0 |
| 2 |
Cardano
Symbol
ADA
|
97.0 |
| 3 |
Bitcoin
Symbol
BTC
|
95.0 |
| 4 |
Komodo
Symbol
KMD
|
90.0 |
| 5 |
IOTA
Symbol
MIOTA
|
89.0 |
| 6 |
Stratis
Symbol
STRAT
|
89.0 |
| 7 |
aelf
Symbol
ELF
|
88.0 |
| 8 |
Storj
Symbol
STORJ
|
86.0 |
| 9 |
Stellar
Symbol
XLM
|
85.0 |
| 10 |
Monero
Symbol
XMR
|
83.0 |
| 11 |
Steem
Symbol
STEEM
|
82.0 |
| 12 |
Zcash
Symbol
ZEC
|
82.0 |
| 13 |
NEO
Symbol
NEO
|
82.0 |
| 14 |
RChain
Symbol
RHOC
|
81.0 |
| 15 |
Waves
Symbol
WAVES
|
80.0 |
| 16 |
Skycoin
Symbol
SKY
|
79.0 |
| 17 |
Libra
Symbol
Libra
|
79.0 |
| 18 |
Raiden Network Token
Symbol
RDN
|
79.0 |
| 19 |
Ontology
Symbol
ONT
|
78.0 |
| 20 |
Nebulas
Symbol
NAS
|
78.0 |
The overall analysis of the relevant technical data of 156 public chain (smart contract) projects with core main chain technical data and evaluation conditions, the summary results are as follows.
The main chain or smart contract core programming language is mainly concentrated in C ++, Go, JavaScript, Solidity, Python, and Java occupy 78.916 % of the entire main chain or smart contract core programming language , regardless of the special smart contract programming language Solidity, the current main chain project The programming language used is basically in line with the mainstream programming language ranking trends, indicating that these programming language features are more in line with the development needs of blockchain projects. Among them, C ++ occupies 30.120 %, Go occupies 22.892 %, and the two programming languages merged to reach 53.012 % of the utilization rate, becoming the first choice for the programming language of the public chain main chain project.
The programming languages selected by the top 20 main chain projects are very scattered, distributed in 9 programming languages, of which C ++ and Go occupy an absolute advantage ( 50.000 %), but from the perspective of the application of other programming languages, it appears The diversity of technology choices indicates that some other programming languages can also be well applied to the development of public chain main chain projects.
The main chain or smart contract project license is mainly concentrated in MIT, indicating that most public chain main chain or smart contract projects choose loose licenses, which is more conducive to the spread and use of source code. In addition, GPL type licenses ( AGPL- 3.0, LGPL-3.0, GPL-3.0, GPL-2.0 ) occupy a total of 31.373 %.
Many of the top 20 main chain projects in technology evaluation choose open source licenses that are more inclined to GPL-type licenses, indicating that some public chain projects with higher technology evaluations pay more attention to their own core in the process of using the open source community for technology research and development. The protection of technical value and the fulfillment of the obligations of its open source code license are more conducive to its copyright protection and value maintenance.
The development of the above public chain main chain projects has been good in the past year, and the community continues to be active. The total number of EOS, TRON, Rchain, and 0x code submissions has reached more than 6000 times, indicating that these four public chains have been in the past year The project showed strong technical growth.
Compared with the ranking in the past year, most public chain projects are still in continuous active status recently, but the recent activity of EOS, TRON, Waves, Ark, Komodo, Bitcoin, and Namecoin has declined.
Code contributors are the main or even the only source of vitality to support the technical development of a public chain project. Most of the core developers of the technical team in the public chain project will submit code for the project as code contributors to lead the community's technical development. And the release of public chain products.
The total number of code contributors who tracked the main chain and smart contract projects with active trajectories was 3531 , of which the total number of main chain project code contributors in the top 20 technical evaluations was 1252 , accounting for 35.46 % of the total tracked contributors It is found that the main core contributors of the blockchain are concentrated in a few high-quality public chain projects. These open source communities have attracted a large number of code contributors through operation.
There are a total of 82 contributors with more than 1,000 code submissions , of which the top ten contributors are shown above. Among them, laanwj is the core code contributor of Bitcoin's main chain project, because it also contributes code to multiple other main chain projects. , submitted its code contribution amounted to 37865 times, other contributors such as sipa, gavinandresen, TheBlueMatt is active in more projects become the backbone of the core contributors.
As the number of public chain projects continues to rise, and some early projects are relatively mature, core contributors often undertake to review the code submitted by other contributors. This has also made code contributors in many new projects gradually increase in code submissions.
| Contributor | Contributor name | Contributor homepage |
|---|---|---|
vbuterin |
vbuterin | https://github.com/vbuterin |
muesli |
Christian Muehlhaeuser | https://github.com/muesli |
xtaci |
xtaci | https://github.com/xtaci |
fireice-uk |
fireice-uk | https://github.com/fireice-uk |
dtolnay |
David Tolnay | https://github.com/dtolnay |
jankotek |
Jan Kotek | https://github.com/jankotek |
bytemaster |
Daniel Larimer | https://github.com/bytemaster |
divan |
Ivan Daniluk | https://github.com/divan |
sipa |
Pieter Wuille | https://github.com/sipa |
laanwj |
Wladimir J. van der Laan | https://github.com/laanwj |
The total number of contributors is 3531. Many of these contributors cross-contribute code for different main chain projects, and this phenomenon is already very common in the public chain development community. Contributors' research and development across various projects has also caused some Qualitative and technical inheritance.
A total of 488 contributors have submitted code for more than one main chain project. Through the Fork relationship and the intersection of contributors, the technical relationship between public chain projects is formed, and the personal technical capabilities of technical contributors are implicitly placed between projects For delivery, there are as many as 70 related main chain items.
The code similarity algorithm is used to calculate the similarity of the source code of some public chain main chain projects. The top 10 projects with higher similarity are shown in the following table.
| Public chain main chain project | Public chain main chain project | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Namecoin |
namecoin / namecoin-core |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin / bitcoin |
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin / UnitedBitcoin | 
Litecoin |
litecoin-project / litecoin |
Qtum |
qtumproject / qtum |
Litecoin |
litecoin-project / litecoin |
Viacoin |
viacoin / viacoin | 
Bitcoin Gold |
BTCGPU / BTCGPU |
DigiByte |
digibyte / digibyte |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin / bitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project / vertcoin-core |
Viacoin |
viacoin / viacoin |
|
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin / UnitedBitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project / vertcoin-core |
|
Litecoin |
litecoin-project / litecoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project / vertcoin-core |
Syscoin |
syscoin / syscoin | 
Dash |
dashpay / dash |
|
Komodo |
jl777 / komodo | 
ZClassic |
z-classic / zclassic |
|
|||
organization |
Ethereum |
warehouse
|
|
Main chain warehouse |
ethereum / go-ethereum |
 Star
|
 Fork
|
Date created |
2013-12-26 21: 05: 46.000 | ||
Code contributor |
459 | ||
Code submissions |
11,644 | ||
Code submissions in the past month |
46 | ||
Technical evaluation results |
|||
|
|
|||
The Ethereum public chain project provides white papers and technical communities with detailed technical content. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Ethereum main chain project is Go , the open source license is Other , and the code warehouse ( ethereum / Ethereum-Go ) to obtain 25337 Ge Stars and the presence of 9191 Ge Forks.
The Ethereum core main chain project has a total of 459 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors in code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
karalabe |
1161 | 7 |
fjl |
883 | 6 |
tgerring |
523 | 0 |
zelig |
324 | 0 |
holiman |
223 | 11 |
CJentzsch |
185 | 0 |
debris |
180 | 0 |
maran |
171 | 0 |
Gustav-Simonsson |
159 | 0 |
There are 20 contributors who completely match the Go programming skills of the core main chain project code programming language .
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
kurkomisi |
17 | 2 |
egonelbre |
19 | 0 |
nolash |
27 | 1 |
gballet |
72 | 3 |
janos |
74 | 0 |
rjl493456442 |
86 | 5 |
zsfelfoldi |
134 | 1 |
|
holiman |
223 | 11 |
|
karalabe |
1161 | 7 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
The top ten contributors passed the technical capability assessment in the core main chain project as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
vbuterin |
twenty four | 0 |
|
muesli |
3 | 0 |
|
divan |
4 | 0 |
|
egonelbre |
19 | 0 |
gavofyork |
40 | 0 |
|
karalabe |
1161 | 7 |
Arachnid |
36 | 0 |
cubedro |
20 | 0 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
shazow |
9 | 0 |
Ethereum Code contributors core backbone project's outstanding contributor accounting for the overall number of contributors of 26.415 % of the total amount of code was submitted to 6218 , accounting for the entire project submitted by the amount of code of 53.40 %.
The number of code submissions in the past year was 11,644 , and the number of code submissions in the past month was 46 .
There are 9652 Issues in the community, and Issues in the Open state areThe overall bug issue resolution rate is 0. From the perspective of community opening time, openness and interactivity are normal.
The blockchain projects related to Ethereum are as follows.
| Blockchain project | Source of relevance | Relevance type |
|---|---|---|
PPC
|
|
|
DOGE
|
|
|
DASH
|
|
|
SYS
|
|
|
EMC
|
|
|
UBQ
|
|
|
FCT
|
|
|
REP
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
ETC
|
|
|
ZEC
|
|
|
ZCL
|
|
|
GNT
|
|
|
SKY
|
|
|
GNO
|
|
|
BNT
|
|
|
SNT
|
|
|
EOS
|
|
|
STORJ
|
|
|
ZRX
|
|
|
RDN
|
|
|
CMT
|
|
|
FTO
|
|
Ethereum and Peercoin , Dogecoin , Dash , Syscoin , Emercoin , Ubiq , Factom , Augur , Decred , Ethereum Classic , Zcash , ZClassic , Golem , Skycoin , Gnosis , Bancor , Status , EOS , Storj , 0x , Raiden Network Token , CyberMiles , FuturoCoin , The public chain project has a relationship
The similarity comparison and analysis of the main chain source code of Ethereum and the main chain source code of some other public chain projects are carried out . The items similar to the Ethereum main chain source code are as follows.
| Blockchain project |
|---|
UBQ
|
TRUE
|
And timeline analysis similar code, the Ethereum backbone source code Ubiq , True Chain , part of the source code comparison similar
|
|||
|
organization |
Cardano |
warehouse
|
|
|
Main chain warehouse |
input-output-hk / cardano-sl |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
Date created |
2016-10-14 21: 44: 38.000 | ||
|
Code contributor |
98 | ||
|
Code submissions |
16,999 | ||
|
Code submissions in the past month |
13 | ||
|
Technical evaluation results |
|||
|
|
|||
The Cardano public chain project provides white papers and technical communities with detailed technical content. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Cardano main chain project is Haskell , the open source license is Other , and the code warehouse ( input- output-hk / cardano-sl ) obtained 3306 Stars and 574 Forks.
The Cardano core main chain project has a total of 98 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors in code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
gromakovsky |
2200 | 0 |
volhovm |
837 | 0 |
neongreen |
833 | 0 |
sectore |
797 | 0 |
Martoon-00 |
765 | 0 |
pva701 |
703 | 0 |
flyingleafe |
530 | 0 |
avieth |
484 | 0 |
georgeee |
473 | 0 |
adinapoli-iohk |
391 | 0 |
There are 20 contributors that completely match the skills of the core main chain project code programming language Haskell , and the top 10 contributors of code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
edsko |
215 | 0 |
parsonsmatt |
220 | 0 |
int-index |
248 | 0 |
erikd |
248 | 10 |
rockbmb |
249 | 0 |
|
georgeee |
473 | 0 |
|
avieth |
484 | 0 |
|
Martoon-00 |
765 | 0 |
|
neongreen |
833 | 0 |
|
volhovm |
837 | 0 |
The top ten contributors passed the technical capability assessment in the core main chain project as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
puffnfresh |
1 | 0 |
chrisdone |
2 | 0 |
snowleopard |
1 | 0 |
Anviking |
twenty four | 0 |
arybczak |
4 | 0 |
jagajaga |
7 | 0 |
|
sectore |
797 | 0 |
seungwonpark |
1 | 0 |
domenkozar |
208 | 0 |
DominikGuzei |
15 | 0 |
Outstanding code contributors of the Cardano core main chain project accounted for 20.619 % of the total contributors , with a total of 1734 code submissions , which accounted for 10.20 % of the total code submissions of the project .
In the past year, there were 16,999 code submissions and 13 code submissions in the past month .
There are 4269 Issues in the community, and Issues in the Open state areThe overall resolution rate of bug issues is 90.00% . From the perspective of community opening time, the openness and interactivity are normal.
The blockchain projects related to Cardano are as follows.
| Blockchain project | Source of relevance | Relevance type |
|---|---|---|
XMR
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
TRX
|
|
Cardano has a relationship with Monero , Decred , TRON , public chain projects
The similarity comparison and analysis of the main chain source code of Cardano and the main chain source code of some other public chain projects, there is no other public chain project similar to the main chain source code of Cardano .
|
|||
|
organization |
Bitcoin |
warehouse
|
|
|
Main chain warehouse |
bitcoin / bitcoin |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
Date created |
2010-12-19 23: 16: 43.000 | ||
|
Code contributor |
694 | ||
|
Code submissions |
23,601 | ||
|
Code submissions in the past month |
150 | ||
|
Technical evaluation results |
|||
|
|
|||
Bitcoin public chain project provided with detailed technical content, white papers and technical community projects to promote progress in line with its published roadmap planning, Bitcoin backbone project core programming language C ++ , open-source license License for the Other , code repository ( Bitcoin / bitcoin ) obtained 42130 Stars and 25081 Forks.
There are a total of 694 code contributors in the Bitcoin core main chain project , and the top 10 contributors of code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
laanwj |
1625 | 1 |
|
sipa |
1118 | 0 |
MarcoFalke |
737 | 11 |
TheBlueMatt |
645 | 0 |
theuni |
585 | 0 |
jnewbery |
509 | 0 |
practicalswift |
495 | 5 |
jonasschnelli |
488 | 1 |
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
fanquake |
385 | 7 |
There are 20 contributors who completely match the C ++ skills of the core main chain project code programming language , and the top 10 contributors of code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
kallewoof |
105 | 3 |
paveljanik |
109 | 0 |
gmaxwell |
163 | 0 |
hebasto |
188 | 5 |
morcos |
209 | 0 |
promag |
263 | 6 |
ryanofsky |
276 | 0 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
|
theuni |
585 | 0 |
|
sipa |
1118 | 0 |
The top ten contributors passed the technical capability assessment in the core main chain project as follows.
| Contributor | Total number of code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
sipa |
1118 | 0 |
|
laanwj |
1625 | 1 |
luke-jr |
380 | 3 |
jamesob |
86 | 0 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
|
gmaxwell |
163 | 0 |
petertodd |
102 | 0 |
codler |
10 | 0 |
|
jonasschnelli |
488 | 1 |
|
TheBlueMatt |
645 | 0 |
Bitcoin Code contributors core backbone project's outstanding contributor accounting for the overall number of contributors of 33.333 % of the total amount of code was submitted to 9057 , accounting for the entire project submitted by the amount of code of 38.38 %.
In the past year, there were 23,601 code submissions and 150 code submissions in the past month .
There are 17809 Issues in the community, and Issues in the Open state areThe overall resolution rate of bug issues is 90.87% . From the perspective of community opening time, the openness and interactivity are normal.
The blockchain projects related to Bitcoin are as follows.
| Blockchain project | Source of relevance | Relevance type |
|---|---|---|
LTC
|
BTC
|
|
PPC
|
BTC
|
|
DASH
|
BTC
|
|
SYS
|
BTC
|
|
PART
|
BTC
|
|
UBTC
|
BTC
|
|
NMC
|
|
|
XPM
|
|
|
XRP
|
|
|
DOGE
|
|
|
VTC
|
|
|
DGB
|
|
|
RDD
|
|
|
MONA
|
|
|
GRS
|
|
|
XWC
|
|
|
MAID
|
|
|
XMR
|
|
|
VIA
|
|
