Technical Evaluation and Analysis on Global Blockchains Bluebook
（2019-02）
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The public blockchain is the most interesting area in the current blockchain field, and it is also the most widely used project type nowadays. However, there are some certain technical and security risks in the public blockchains. Developers, investors or enterprises, all of them, need to keep a calm and cautious attitude towards the public blockchains. In the past, the evaluation of technical aspect and development content associated with public blockchain projects was mainly according to the white paper and the present situation of the project while with a lack of objective data analysis, which resulted in the deficiency of serious data support for the analysis results. Therefore, it is becoming more and more important to extract the pure technical value in blockchain projects from the noisy background of digital tokens. And now, Beijing Tiande Technologies, cooperated with BlockData Company and other related authorities, using their self-developed Taishan Sandbox—the blockchain technology evaluation database system, and combining with a large number of historical public blockchain rating experience, complete this public blockchain project technical evaluation and analysis report.
This evaluation collects and collates the relevant information of the public blockchain corresponding to the high market value (top 200) digital tokens. Data collection date ended up January 30, 2019. By calculating and evaluating the specific indicators of the white paper, open source community, source code, technical team, project products, and other dimensions, the overall situation of the public blockchain projects is as follows:
There are 157 open source community projects with main blockchain or smart contract source code in digital tokens, 156 of which are GitHub community projects and one project (Ardor) is bitbucket community project. This evaluation mainly focuses on GitHub community projects.
For 156 public blockchain (smart contract) projects with core main-chain technology data and evaluation conditions, the evaluation scores of technology are calculated by combining objective data analysis with subjective technology evaluation, using technology evaluation model framework, providing value reference for developers and investors. The top 20 technical evaluation scores of this project are listed as follows.
| Ranking | Blockchain Project | Technical Assessment Value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Ethereum
Symbol
ETH
|
129.0 |
| 2 |
Cardano
Symbol
ADA
|
116.0 |
| 3 |
RChain
Symbol
RHOC
|
98.0 |
| 4 |
Bitcoin
Symbol
BTC
|
97.0 |
| 5 |
Lisk
Symbol
LSK
|
96.0 |
| 6 |
Stratis
Symbol
STRAT
|
95.0 |
| 7 |
Komodo
Symbol
KMD
|
93.0 |
| 8 |
EOS
Symbol
EOS
|
90.0 |
| 9 |
Zcash
Symbol
ZEC
|
89.0 |
| 10 |
Steem
Symbol
STEEM
|
87.0 |
| 11 |
Monero
Symbol
XMR
|
86.0 |
| 12 |
IOTA
Symbol
MIOTA
|
86.0 |
| 13 |
TRON
Symbol
TRX
|
85.0 |
| 14 |
Waves
Symbol
WAVES
|
84.0 |
| 15 |
Stellar
Symbol
XLM
|
84.0 |
| 16 |
Ontology
Symbol
ONT
|
84.0 |
| 17 |
Skycoin
Symbol
SKY
|
84.0 |
| 18 |
Golem
Symbol
GNT
|
83.0 |
| 19 |
Nebulas
Symbol
NAS
|
83.0 |
| 20 |
NEO
Symbol
NEO
|
81.0 |
The related technical data of 156 public blockchain (smart contracts as well) projects with core main blockchain technical data and evaluation conditions are analyzed as a whole, and the results are summarized as follows.
The core programming languages of main blockchain or smart contract mainly concentrate on C++, Go, JavaScript, Solidity, Python and Java, which occupy 85% of the core programming languages of the whole main blockchain or smart contract. Without considering the special smart contract programming language Solidity, the programming languages used in the current main blockchain project basically conform to the ranking trend of the mainstream programming languages, indicating that these programming language features are more in line with the development needs of blockchain projects. Among them, C++ accounts for 33% and Go accounts for 16%. The combination of the two programming languages achieves 50% usage, and becomes the preferred programming language for the main blockchain project of the public chain.
The programming languages chosen by the top 20 main blockchain projects are very dispersed and distributed on nine programming languages. Among them, the distribution of C++ and Go languages is basically consistent with the overall distribution, occupying an absolute advantage (55%). However, from the perspective of the wide application of other programming languages, the diversity of technical choices shows that some other programming languages can also be well applied to the development of main blockchains in public blockchain projects.
The main blockchain or smart contract project licenses are mainly concentrated in MIT, which indicates that most public blockchain main blockchain or smart contract projects choose loose licenses, which are more conducive to the dissemination and use of source code. In addition, GPL type licenses (GPL-2.0, GPL-3.0, AGPL-3.0, LGPL-3.0) account for 19%, mainly represented by Taifang (LGPL-3.0), which is also caused by the infectivity of GPL licenses. Many projects related to the main blockchain of the Go language or projects without explicit license descriptions (Other) implicitly choose GPL-related protocols.
The top 20 main blockchain projects in technical evaluation are more inclined to GPL type licenses, which indicates that some public blockchain projects with higher technical evaluation pay more attention to the protection of their core technical value when using open source community to carry out technical research and development. The fulfillment of their open source code licenses is more conducive to their copyright protection and value maintenance.
In the past year, the development progress of main blockchain projects of the above public blockchains is good, and the community is still active. The total number of submissions of EOS, TRON, Rchain and 0x codes has reached more than 6000 times, which shows that the four public blockchain projects have shown strong technical growth in the past year.
Compared with the rankings of the past year, most of the public blockchain projects have been continuously active in the near future, but the recent activities of EOS、Waves、Ark、Komodo、Bitcoin and Namecoin have declined.
Code contributors are the main or even the only source of vitality to support the technical development of a public blockchain project. Most of the core developers of the technical team in the public blockchain project will submit code for the project as code contributors to lead the technical development of the community and the release of public blockchain products.
The total number of code contributors tracing the active trajectory of main blockchain and smart contract projects is 3029. Among them, the total number of code contributors of the top 20 main blockchain projects in technical assessment is 1143, accounting for 37.8% of the total number of tracked contributors. It can be observed that the core contributors of the main blockchain are concentrated in a few high-quality public blockchain projects, and these open source communities attracted a large number of code contributors through their operations.
There are 54 contributors with more than 1000 code submissions. The top ten contributors are shown in the figure above. As the core code contributor of Bitcoin main blockchain project, Laranwj contributes 29,359 code submissions due to his contribution to many other main blockchain projects. Other contributors such as Sipa, Gavinandresen, TheBlueMatt are also active as core code contributors in multiple main blockchain projects.
With the increasing number of public blockchain projects, some early projects are relatively mature. Core contributors often undertake the audit of code submitted by other contributors. This has also led to a gradual increasing in code submission for many new project contributors.
| Contributor | Contributor name | Contributor Home Page |
|---|---|---|
vbuterin |
vbuterin | https://github.com/vbuterin |
liuchengxu |
Liu-Cheng Xu | https://github.com/liuchengxu |
fireice-uk |
fireice-uk | https://github.com/fireice-uk |
jankotek |
Jan Kotek | https://github.com/jankotek |
bytemaster |
Daniel Larimer | https://github.com/bytemaster |
divan |
Ivan Daniluk | https://github.com/divan |
luke-jr |
Luke Dashjr | https://github.com/luke-jr |
laanwj |
Wladimir J. van der Laan | https://github.com/laanwj |
jamesob |
James O'Beirne | https://github.com/jamesob |
sipa |
Pieter Wuille | https://github.com/sipa |
The total number of contributors is 3029, many of which cross-contribute codes to different main blockchain projects, and this phenomenon has become very common in the public blockchain development community. The research and development of contributors across various projects has also resulted in homogeneity and technical inheritance of some of the projects.
A total of 357 contributors have submitted codes for more than one main blockchain project. Through fork relationship and the intersection of contributors, the technical relationship between public blockchain projects is formed. The individual technical capabilities of technical contributors are implicitly transferred among projects, among which 70 are related to the main blockchain projects.
DigiByte shares code contributors with 34 main blockchain projects of other public blockchains, making it the most relevant mainchain project. There are seven public blockchain projects that are related to Bitcoin through fork main blockchain code, including Particl、United Bitcoin、Litecoin、Peercoin and Ravencoin.
The top 10 statistics of code similarity are as follows
| Public blockchain Main blockchain Project | Public blockchain Main blockchain Project | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Namecoin |
namecoin/namecoin-core |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin/bitcoin |
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin/UnitedBitcoin | 
Litecoin |
litecoin-project/litecoin |
Qtum |
qtumproject/qtum |
Litecoin |
litecoin-project/litecoin |
Viacoin |
viacoin/viacoin | 
Bitcoin Gold |
BTCGPU/BTCGPU |
DigiByte |
digibyte/digibyte |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin/bitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project/vertcoin-core |
Viacoin |
viacoin/viacoin |
|
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin/UnitedBitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project/vertcoin-core |
|
Litecoin |
litecoin-project/litecoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project/vertcoin-core |
Syscoin |
syscoin/syscoin | 
Dash |
dashpay/dash |
|
Komodo |
jl777/komodo | 
ZClassic |
z-classic/zclassic |
|
|||
Organization |
Ethereum |
Repository
|
200 |
Main blockchain repository |
ethereum/go-ethereum |
 Star
|
 Fork
|
Creation date |
2013-12-26 21:05:46.000 | ||
Code contributor |
392 | ||
Code submission |
10,694 | ||
Code submission in the past month |
110 | ||
Technical assessment results |
|||
|
|
|||
Ethereumpublic blockchain project provides a white paper with detailed technical content and communities. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. EthereumThe core programming language of the Ethereum main blockchain project isGo，the open source license isOther，Code repository（ethereum/go-ethereum）has22468 Stars and 7920 Forks.
The core main blockchain project of Ethereum has 392 Code contributors，of which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
2620 | 0 |
|
1025 | 13 |
|
850 | 2 |
|
523 | 0 |
|
318 | 1 |
|
185 | 0 |
|
180 | 0 |
|
171 | 0 |
|
159 | 0 |
|
120 | 1 |
There are 20 contributors matching code programming languageGoskills in the core main blockchain project, among which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
stevenroose |
8 | 0 |
ebuchman |
9 | 0 |
markya0616 |
10 | 0 |
kurkomisi |
10 | 1 |
lmars |
17 | 0 |
egonelbre |
19 | 0 |
janos |
26 | 1 |
rjl493456442 |
51 | 5 |
|
zsfelfoldi |
120 | 1 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
The top 10 contributors to the core main blockchain project are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
vbuterin |
24 | 0 |
|
divan |
4 | 0 |
gravityblast |
3 | 0 |
|
karalabe |
1025 | 13 |
Arachnid |
33 | 0 |
gavofyork |
40 | 0 |
cubedro |
20 | 0 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
shazow |
8 | 0 |
ligi |
12 | 1 |
The code contributors of the core main blockchain project of Ethereumare moderate in size. Outstanding contributors account for22.22222222222222%of the total number of contributors, and the total number of their code submissions is5818, which accounts for54.40of the total number of code submissions.
In the past year, 10,694code submissions were made and110code submissions were made in the past month
There are7386 issues in the whole community, 595issues in the open state, and the overall solution rate of bug issues is 97.20%. From the point of view of the opening time of the community, the openness and interaction are normal.
The Blockchain items associated withEthereumare as follows.
| Blockchain Project | Sources of correlation | Types of correlation |
|---|---|---|
UBQ
|
ETH
|
|
FCT
|
|
|
REP
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
ETC
|
|
|
GNT
|
|
|
GNO
|
|
|
BNT
|
|
|
SNT
|
|
|
EOS
|
|
|
STORJ
|
|
|
CMT
|
|
|
SMT
|
|
Ethereumis related to 12 public blockchain projects.
| Blockchain Project |
|---|
UBQ
|
TRUE
|
From the time axis and similar code analysis, Ethereummain blockchain source code is similar to 2 projects. Ubiq makes it clear that it forks from Ethereum, and the directory organization and code content of True Chain source code is similar to that of Ethereum.
|
|||
|
Organization |
Cardano |
Repository
|
162 |
|
Main blockchain repository |
input-output-hk/cardano-sl |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
Creation date |
2016-10-14 21:44:38.000 | ||
|
Code contributor |
93 | ||
|
Code submission |
16,764 | ||
|
Code submission in the past month |
90 | ||
|
Technical assessment results |
|||
|
|
|||
Cardanopublic blockchain project provides a white paper with detailed technical content and communities. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. CardanoThe core programming language of the Ethereum main blockchain project isHaskell，the open source license isOther，Code repository（input-output-hk/cardano-sl）has3148 Stars and 533 Forks.
The core main blockchain project of Cardano has 93 Code contributors，of which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
2200 | 0 |
|
837 | 0 |
|
833 | 0 |
|
797 | 0 |
|
765 | 0 |
|
703 | 0 |
|
530 | 0 |
|
473 | 0 |
|
451 | 2 |
|
395 | 10 |
There are 20 contributors matching code programming languageHaskellskills in the core main blockchain project, among which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
aspiwack |
125 | 0 |
parsonsmatt |
200 | 5 |
erikd |
207 | 0 |
edsko |
214 | 20 |
int-index |
248 | 0 |
rockbmb |
249 | 0 |
|
avieth |
451 | 2 |
|
georgeee |
473 | 0 |
|
Martoon-00 |
765 | 0 |
|
neongreen |
833 | 0 |
The top 10 contributors to the core main blockchain project are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
chrisdone |
2 | 0 |
puffnfresh |
1 | 0 |
Anviking |
14 | 1 |
snowleopard |
1 | 0 |
arybczak |
4 | 0 |
|
sectore |
797 | 0 |
jagajaga |
7 | 0 |
nh2 |
2 | 0 |
DominikGuzei |
15 | 0 |
h4ck3rm1k3 |
2 | 0 |
The code contributors of the core main blockchain project of Cardanoare moderate in size. Outstanding contributors account for17.582417582417584%of the total number of contributors, and the total number of their code submissions is1422, which accounts for8.48of the total number of code submissions.
In the past year, 16,764code submissions were made and90code submissions were made in the past month
There are3734 issues in the whole community, 143issues in the open state, and the overall solution rate of bug issues is 100.00%. From the point of view of the opening time of the community, the openness and interaction are normal.
The Blockchain items associated withCardanoare as follows.
| Blockchain Project | Sources of correlation | Types of correlation |
|---|---|---|
XMR
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
TRX
|
|
Cardanois related to 3 public blockchain projects.
|
|||
|
Organization |
RChain |
Repository
|
40 |
|
Main blockchain repository |
rchain/rchain |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
Creation date |
2017-03-10 06:15:35.000 | ||
|
Code contributor |
53 | ||
|
Code submission |
9,116 | ||
|
Code submission in the past month |
512 | ||
|
Technical assessment results |
|||
|
|
|||
RChainpublic blockchain project provides a white paper with detailed technical content and communities. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. RChainThe core programming language of the Ethereum main blockchain project isScala，the open source license isOther，Code repository（rchain/rchain）has520 Stars and 151 Forks.
The core main blockchain project of RChain has 53 Code contributors，of which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
517 | 58 |
|
459 | 0 |
|
442 | 21 |
|
342 | 0 |
|
308 | 25 |
|
292 | 0 |
|
250 | 0 |
|
232 | 23 |
|
201 | 22 |
|
161 | 45 |
There are 20 contributors matching code programming languageScalaskills in the core main blockchain project, among which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
xiphiness |
1 | 0 |
ICA3DaR5 |
4 | 0 |
DoSOfRedRiver |
51 | 3 |
|
guardbotmk3 |
250 | 0 |
|
rabbitonweb |
442 | 21 |
The top 10 contributors to the core main blockchain project are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
tschoffelen |
3 | 0 |
justinmeiners |
5 | 4 |
|
rabbitonweb |
442 | 21 |
dckc |
46 | 0 |
tymm |
74 | 2 |
JoshOrndorff |
7 | 7 |
jobez |
1 | 0 |
MrChico |
1 | 0 |
echatav |
55 | 0 |
|
KentShikama |
517 | 58 |
The code contributors of the core main blockchain project of RChainare moderate in size. Outstanding contributors account for4.0%of the total number of contributors, and the total number of their code submissions is8, which accounts for0.09of the total number of code submissions.
In the past year, 9,116code submissions were made and512code submissions were made in the past month
There are1642 issues in the whole community, 21has not Bug Issues. From the point of view of the opening time of the community, the openness and interaction are normal.
RChain,there is no public chain project associated with it..
|
|||
|
Organization |
Bitcoin |
Repository
|
4 |
|
Main blockchain repository |
bitcoin/bitcoin |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
Creation date |
2010-12-19 23:16:43.000 | ||
|
Code contributor |
611 | ||
|
Code submission |
19,843 | ||
|
Code submission in the past month |
156 | ||
|
Technical assessment results |
|||
|
|
|||
Bitcoinpublic blockchain project provides a white paper with detailed technical content and communities. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. BitcoinThe core programming language of the Ethereum main blockchain project isC++，the open source license isOther，Code repository（bitcoin/bitcoin）has36998 Stars and 22036 Forks.
The core main blockchain project of Bitcoin has 611 Code contributors，of which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
|
1611 | 1 |
|
|
1030 | 1 |
|
620 | 0 |
|
574 | 0 |
|
500 | 2 |
|
485 | 0 |
|
466 | 0 |
|
400 | 1 |
|
366 | 3 |
|
|
349 | 1 |
There are 20 contributors matching code programming languageC++skills in the core main blockchain project, among which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
kallewoof |
87 | 1 |
paveljanik |
109 | 0 |
promag |
139 | 8 |
gmaxwell |
161 | 0 |
ryanofsky |
193 | 1 |
morcos |
209 | 0 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
|
MarcoFalke |
500 | 2 |
|
theuni |
574 | 0 |
|
sipa |
1030 | 1 |
The top 10 contributors to the core main blockchain project are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
luke-jr |
349 | 1 |
|
laanwj |
1611 | 1 |
|
jamesob |
34 | 2 |
|
sipa |
1030 | 1 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
petertodd |
102 | 0 |
|
gmaxwell |
161 | 0 |
codler |
10 | 0 |
|
jonasschnelli |
466 | 0 |
eklitzke |
17 | 0 |
The code contributors of the core main blockchain project of Bitcoinare moderate in size. Outstanding contributors account for31.372549019607842%of the total number of contributors, and the total number of their code submissions is7528, which accounts for37.94of the total number of code submissions.
In the past year, 19,843code submissions were made and156code submissions were made in the past month
There are14257 issues in the whole community, 638issues in the open state, and the overall solution rate of bug issues is 95.08%. From the point of view of the opening time of the community, the openness and interaction are normal.
The Blockchain items associated withBitcoinare as follows.
| Blockchain Project | Sources of correlation | Types of correlation |
|---|---|---|
LTC
|
BTC
|
|
PPC
|
BTC
|
|
DASH
|
BTC
|
|
SYS
|
BTC
|
|
PART
|
BTC
|
|
UBTC
|
BTC
|
|
RVN
|
BTC
|
|
NMC
|
|
|
XPM
|
|
|
XRP
|
|
|
DOGE
|
|
|
VTC
|
|
|
DGB
|
|
|
RDD
|
|
|
MONA
|
|
|
GRS
|
|
|
XWC
|
|
|
MAID
|
|
|
XMR
|
|
|
VIA
|
|
|
XLM
|
|
|
EMC
|
|
|
FCT
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
