Technical Evaluation and Analysis on Global Public Blockchains Bluebook
（2019-05）
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The public blockchain is the most interesting area in the current blockchain field, and it is also the most widely used project type nowadays. However, there are some certain technical and security risks in the public blockchains. Developers, investors or enterprises, all of them, need to keep a calm and cautious attitude towards the public blockchains. In the past, the evaluation of technical aspect and development content associated with public blockchain projects was mainly according to the white paper and the present situation of the project while with a lack of objective data analysis, which resulted in the deficiency of serious data support for the analysis results. Therefore, it is becoming more and more important to extract the pure technical value in blockchain projects from the noisy background of digital tokens. And now, Beijing Tiande Technologies, cooperated with BlockData Company and other related authorities, using their self-developed Taishan Sandbox—the blockchain technology evaluation database system, and combining with a large number of historical public blockchain rating experience, complete this public blockchain project technical evaluation and analysis report.
This evaluation collects and collates the relevant information of the public blockchain corresponding to the high market value (top 243) digital tokens. Data collection date ended up May 17, 2019. By calculating and evaluating the specific indicators of the white paper, open source community, source code, technical team, project products, and other dimensions, the overall situation of the public blockchain projects is as follows:
There are 163 open source community projects with main blockchain or smart contract source code in digital tokens, 162 of which are GitHub community projects and one project (Ardor) is bitbucket community project. This evaluation mainly focuses on GitHub community projects.
For 162 public blockchain (smart contract) projects with core main-chain technology data and evaluation conditions, the evaluation scores of technology are calculated by combining objective data analysis with subjective technology evaluation, using technology evaluation model framework, providing value reference for developers and investors. The top 20 technical evaluation scores of this project are listed as follows.
| Ranking | Blockchain Project | Technical Assessment Value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Ethereum
Symbol
ETH
|
132.0 |
| 2 |
Cardano
Symbol
ADA
|
107.0 |
| 3 |
Bitcoin
Symbol
BTC
|
100.0 |
| 4 |
Stratis
Symbol
STRAT
|
98.0 |
| 5 |
Lisk
Symbol
LSK
|
98.0 |
| 6 |
aelf
Symbol
ELF
|
91.0 |
| 7 |
Komodo
Symbol
KMD
|
91.0 |
| 8 |
Waves
Symbol
WAVES
|
90.0 |
| 9 |
Steem
Symbol
STEEM
|
89.0 |
| 10 |
Zcash
Symbol
ZEC
|
89.0 |
| 11 |
Raiden Network Token
Symbol
RDN
|
88.0 |
| 12 |
Monero
Symbol
XMR
|
87.0 |
| 13 |
IOTA
Symbol
MIOTA
|
87.0 |
| 14 |
RChain
Symbol
RHOC
|
86.0 |
| 15 |
Golem
Symbol
GNT
|
84.0 |
| 16 |
Ontology
Symbol
ONT
|
84.0 |
| 17 |
TRON
Symbol
TRX
|
84.0 |
| 18 |
Skycoin
Symbol
SKY
|
84.0 |
| 19 |
EOS
Symbol
EOS
|
84.0 |
| 20 |
Stellar
Symbol
XLM
|
83.0 |
The related technical data of 163 public blockchain (smart contract) projects with core main chain technical data and evaluation conditions are analyzed as a whole, and the results are summarized as follows.
The core programming languages of main chain or smart contract mainly concentrate on C++, Go, JavaScript, Solidity, Python and Java, which occupy 81.176% of the core programming languages of the whole main chain or smart contract. Without considering the special smart contract programming language Solidity, the programming languages used in the current main chain project basically conform to the ranking trend of the mainstream programming languages, indicating that these programming language features are more in line with the development needs of blockchain projects. Among them, C++ accounts for 29.412% and Go accounts for 23.529%. The combination of the two programming languages achieves 52.941% usage, and becomes the preferred programming language for the main chain project of the public chain.
The programming languages chosen by the top 20 main chain projects are very dispersed and distributed on nine programming languages. Among them, the distribution of C++ and Go languages is basically consistent with the overall distribution, occupying an absolute advantage (40.000%). However, from the perspective of the wide application of other programming languages, the diversity of technology choices shows that some other programming languages can also be well applied to the development of public blockchain main chain projects.
The main chain or smart contract project licenses are mainly concentrated in MIT, which indicates that most public blockchain main chain or smart contract projects choose loose licenses, which is more conducive to the dissemination and use of source code. In addition, GPL type licenses (AGPL-3.0、LGPL-3.0、GPL-3.0、GPL-2.0) account for 31.126%, mainly represented by Taifang (LGPL-3.0), which is also caused by the infectivity of GPL licenses. Many projects related to the main chain of the Go language or projects without explicit license descriptions (Other) implicitly choose GPL-related protocols.
The top 20 main blockchain projects in technology evaluation are more inclined to GPL type licenses, which indicates that some public blockchain projects with higher technology evaluation pay more attention to the protection of their core technology value in the process of using open source community to carry out technology research and development. The fulfillment of their open source code licenses is more conducive to their copyright protection and value maintenance.
In the past year, the development progress of the above public blockchain main chain projects is good, and the community is still active. The total number of submissions of EOS, TRON, Rchain and 0x codes has reached more than 6000 times, which shows that the four public blockchain projects have shown strong technical growth in the past year.
Compared with the rankings of the past year, most of the public blockchain projects have been continuously active in the near future, but the recent activities of EOS, TRON, Waves, Ark, Komodo, Bitcoin and Namecoin have declined.
Code contributors are the main or even the only source of vitality to support the technological development of a public blockchain project. Most of the core developers of the technical team in the public blockchain project will submit code for the project as code contributors to lead the technological development of the community and the release of public blockchain products.
The total number of code contributors tracing the active trajectory of main chain and smart contract projects is 3136.Among them, the total number of code contributors of the top 20 main chain projects in technical assessment is 1163, accounting for37.09%of the total number of tracked contributors. It can be found that the core contributors of the main blockchain are concentrated in a few high-quality public blockchain projects, and these open source communities attracted a large number of code contributors through their operations.
There are63 contributors with more than 1000 code submissions. The top ten contributors are shown in the figure above. As the core code contributor of Bitcoin main chain project, laranwj contributes 35997 code submissions due to its contribution to many other main chain projects. Other contributors such as sipa, gavinandresen, TheBlueMatt are also active as a core code contributor in multiple main chain projects.
With the increasing number of public blockchain projects, some early projects are relatively mature. Core contributors often undertake the audit of code submitted by other contributors. This has also led to a gradual increase in code submission for many new project contributors.
| Contributor | Contributor name | Contributor Home Page |
|---|---|---|
vbuterin |
vbuterin | https://github.com/vbuterin |
liuchengxu |
Liu-Cheng Xu | https://github.com/liuchengxu |
fireice-uk |
fireice-uk | https://github.com/fireice-uk |
xtaci |
xtaci | https://github.com/xtaci |
jankotek |
Jan Kotek | https://github.com/jankotek |
divan |
Ivan Daniluk | https://github.com/divan |
bytemaster |
Daniel Larimer | https://github.com/bytemaster |
luke-jr |
Luke Dashjr | https://github.com/luke-jr |
jamesob |
James O'Beirne | https://github.com/jamesob |
laanwj |
Wladimir J. van der Laan | https://github.com/laanwj |
The total number of contributors is 3136, many of which cross-contribute codes to different main-chain projects, and this phenomenon has become very common in the public blockchain development community. The research and development of contributors across various projects has also resulted in homogeneity and technological inheritance of some of the projects.
A total of 482 contributors have submitted codes for more than one main chain project. Through Fork relationship and the intersection of contributors, the technical relationship between public blockchain projects is formed. The individual technical capabilities of technical contributors are implicitly transferred among projects, among which 70 are related to the main chain projects.
The code similarity algorithm is used to compare and calculate the source code similarity of some public blockchain main chain projects, among which the top 10 items with high similarity are shown in the table below.。
| Public blockchain Main Chain Project | Public blockchain Main Chain Project | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Namecoin |
namecoin/namecoin-core |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin/bitcoin |
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin/UnitedBitcoin | 
Litecoin |
litecoin-project/litecoin |
Qtum |
qtumproject/qtum |
Litecoin |
litecoin-project/litecoin |
Viacoin |
viacoin/viacoin | 
Bitcoin Gold |
BTCGPU/BTCGPU |
DigiByte |
digibyte/digibyte |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin/bitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project/vertcoin-core |
Viacoin |
viacoin/viacoin |
|
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin/UnitedBitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project/vertcoin-core |
|
Litecoin |
litecoin-project/litecoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project/vertcoin-core |
Syscoin |
syscoin/syscoin | 
Dash |
dashpay/dash |
|
Komodo |
jl777/komodo | 
ZClassic |
z-classic/zclassic |
|
|||
organization |
Ethereum |
Warehouse
|
204 |
Main chain repository |
ethereum/go-ethereum |
 Star
|
 Fork
|
creation date |
2013-12-26 21:05:46.000 | ||
Code Contributor |
408 | ||
Code submission |
10,971 | ||
Code submission in the past month |
72 | ||
Technical assessment results: |
|||
|
|
|||
The Ethereum public blockchain project provides white papers with detailed technical content and technical communities. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Ethereum main chain project is Go the open source license is Other, and the code warehouse ethereum/go-ethereum）has 20454 Stars and 6984 Forks,Achieved a very high degree of community acceptance.
The Ethereum core main chain project has 408 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
karalabe |
1150 | 16 |
fjl |
868 | 5 |
tgerring |
523 | 0 |
zelig |
324 | 0 |
CJentzsch |
185 | 0 |
debris |
180 | 0 |
maran |
171 | 0 |
Gustav-Simonsson |
159 | 0 |
holiman |
146 | 6 |
There are 20 contributors matching the core main chain project code programming language Go skills, among which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
stevenroose |
8 | 0 |
ebuchman |
9 | 0 |
markya0616 |
10 | 0 |
kurkomisi |
10 | 1 |
lmars |
17 | 0 |
egonelbre |
19 | 0 |
janos |
72 | 1 |
rjl493456442 |
79 | 5 |
zsfelfoldi |
125 | 3 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
The top ten contributors to the core main chain project are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
vbuterin |
24 | 0 |
|
divan |
4 | 0 |
pilu |
3 | 0 |
|
karalabe |
1150 | 16 |
gavofyork |
40 | 0 |
Arachnid |
33 | 0 |
cubedro |
20 | 0 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
shazow |
8 | 0 |
ligi |
14 | 0 |
There are many code contributors to Ethereum core main chain project, including some developers with strong technical ability. Among them, excellent contributors account for 22.321% of the total number of contributors, and the total number of code submissions is 5974, accounting for54.45%。
In the past year, 10,971 code submissions were made and 72
There are 8674 issues in the whole community,511 issues in the open state and the overall solution rate of Bug Issues is 0,From the perspective of the time when the community is open, the openness and interaction are normal.。
与EthereumThe Blockchain items associated with Ethereum are as follows.
| Blockchain Project | Types of correlation | Sources of correlation |
|---|---|---|
UBQ
|
ETH
|
|
FCT
|
|
|
REP
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
ETC
|
|
|
GNT
|
|
|
GNO
|
|
|
BNT
|
|
|
SNT
|
|
|
EOS
|
|
|
STORJ
|
|
|
CMT
|
|
|
SMT
|
|
Ethereum is related to Ubiq, Factom, Augur, Decred, Ethereum Classic, Golem, Gnosis, Bancor, Status, EOS, Storj, CyberMiles, SmartMesh,public Chain Project
The similarity between Ethereum main chain source code and some other public blockchain project main chain source code is compared and analyzed. The items similar to Ethereum main chain source code are as follows.
| Blockchain Project |
|---|
UBQ
|
TRUE
|
TRUE
|
Dispatch
|
Ethereummain chain source code is similar to some ofUbiq,True Chain,True Chain,Dispatch,source code
|
|||
|
organization |
Cardano |
Warehouse
|
179 |
|
Main chain repository |
input-output-hk/cardano-sl |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
creation date |
2016-10-14 21:44:38.000 | ||
|
Code Contributor |
93 | ||
|
Code submission |
16,793 | ||
|
Code submission in the past month |
11 | ||
|
Technical assessment results: |
|||
|
|
|||
The Cardano public blockchain project provides white papers with detailed technical content and technical communities. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Cardano main chain project is Haskell the open source license is Other, and the code warehouse input-output-hk/cardano-sl）has 3076 Stars and 518 Forks,Achieved a very high degree of community acceptance.
The Cardano core main chain project has 93 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
gromakovsky |
2200 | 0 |
volhovm |
837 | 0 |
neongreen |
833 | 0 |
sectore |
797 | 0 |
Martoon-00 |
765 | 0 |
pva701 |
703 | 0 |
flyingleafe |
530 | 0 |
georgeee |
473 | 0 |
avieth |
451 | 2 |
adinapoli-iohk |
395 | 10 |
There are 20 contributors matching the core main chain project code programming language Haskell skills, among which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
ChShersh |
105 | 0 |
Jimbo4350 |
109 | 0 |
denisshevchenko |
118 | 0 |
parsonsmatt |
200 | 5 |
edsko |
215 | 0 |
int-index |
248 | 0 |
|
avieth |
451 | 2 |
|
georgeee |
473 | 0 |
|
Martoon-00 |
765 | 0 |
|
neongreen |
833 | 0 |
The top ten contributors to the core main chain project are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
chrisdone |
2 | 0 |
puffnfresh |
1 | 0 |
Anviking |
14 | 1 |
snowleopard |
1 | 0 |
arybczak |
4 | 0 |
|
sectore |
797 | 0 |
jagajaga |
7 | 0 |
nh2 |
2 | 0 |
DominikGuzei |
15 | 0 |
h4ck3rm1k3 |
2 | 0 |
There are many code contributors to Cardano core main chain project, including some developers with strong technical ability. Among them, excellent contributors account for 16.484% of the total number of contributors, and the total number of code submissions is 1174, accounting for6.99%。
In the past year, 16,793 code submissions were made and 11
There are 4143 issues in the whole community,159 issues in the open state and the overall solution rate of Bug Issues is 66.67%,From the perspective of the time when the community is open, the openness and interaction are normal.。
与CardanoThe Blockchain items associated with Ethereum are as follows.
| Blockchain Project | Types of correlation | Sources of correlation |
|---|---|---|
XMR
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
TRX
|
|
Cardano is related to Monero, Decred, TRON,public Chain Project
The main chain source code of Cardano is compared and analyzed with the main chain source code of some other public chain projects. At present, there are no other public chain projects similar to the main chain source code ofCardano
|
|||
|
organization |
Bitcoin |
Warehouse
|
4 |
|
Main chain repository |
bitcoin/bitcoin |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
creation date |
2010-12-19 23:16:43.000 | ||
|
Code Contributor |
627 | ||
|
Code submission |
20,437 | ||
|
Code submission in the past month |
155 | ||
|
Technical assessment results: |
|||
|
|
|||
The Bitcoin public blockchain project provides white papers with detailed technical content and technical communities. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Bitcoin main chain project is C++ the open source license is Other, and the code warehouse bitcoin/bitcoin）has 34767 Stars and 21047 Forks,Achieved a very high degree of community acceptance.
The Bitcoin core main chain project has 627 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
laanwj |
1622 | 0 |
sipa |
1112 | 2 |
MarcoFalke |
641 | 17 |
TheBlueMatt |
620 | 0 |
theuni |
584 | 0 |
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
jonasschnelli |
476 | 1 |
jnewbery |
400 | 1 |
practicalswift |
366 | 3 |
|
luke-jr |
349 | 1 |
There are 20 contributors matching the core main chain project code programming language C++ skills, among which the top 10 contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
paveljanik |
109 | 0 |
promag |
139 | 8 |
gmaxwell |
163 | 0 |
morcos |
209 | 0 |
ryanofsky |
238 | 2 |
fanquake |
255 | 0 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
|
theuni |
584 | 0 |
|
MarcoFalke |
641 | 17 |
|
sipa |
1112 | 2 |
The top ten contributors to the core main chain project are as follows.
| Contributor | Number of total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
luke-jr |
349 | 1 |
|
jamesob |
34 | 2 |
|
laanwj |
1622 | 0 |
|
sipa |
1112 | 2 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
petertodd |
102 | 0 |
|
gmaxwell |
163 | 0 |
codler |
10 | 0 |
|
jonasschnelli |
476 | 1 |
eklitzke |
17 | 0 |
There are many code contributors to Bitcoin core main chain project, including some developers with strong technical ability. Among them, excellent contributors account for 29.630% of the total number of contributors, and the total number of code submissions is 7812, accounting for38.22%。
In the past year, 20,437 code submissions were made and 155
There are 15866 issues in the whole community,675 issues in the open state and the overall solution rate of Bug Issues is 95.97%,From the perspective of the time when the community is open, the openness and interaction are normal.。
与BitcoinThe Blockchain items associated with Ethereum are as follows.
| Blockchain Project | Types of correlation | Sources of correlation |
|---|---|---|
LTC
|
BTC
|
|
PPC
|
BTC
|
|
DASH
|
BTC
|
|
SYS
|
BTC
|
|
PART
|
BTC
|
|
UBTC
|
BTC
|
|
RVN
|
BTC
|
|
NMC
|
|
|
XPM
|
|
|
XRP
|
|
|
DOGE
|
|
|
VTC
|
|
|
DGB
|
|
|
RDD
|
|
|
MONA
|
|
|
GRS
|
|
|
XWC
|
|
|
MAID
|
|
|
XMR
|
|
|
VIA
|
|
|
XLM
|
|
|
EMC
|
|
|
FCT
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
PIVX
|
|
|
ZEC
|
|
