Technical Evaluation and Analysis on Global Public Blockchains Bluebook
（2020-03）
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The public chain is currently the most interesting in the field of blockchain, and it is also the most widely used project type at this stage. However, there are certain technical and security risks in the public chain. Both developers, investors and enterprises must maintain a calm and cautious attitude towards the public chain. In the past, the evaluation of the technical content and research and development of public chain projects mostly came from the interpretation of the content of the white paper and the current product status of the project. The content of objective data analysis was seriously insufficient, resulting in a lack of serious data support for the analysis results. Under the "noisy background" of coins, the technical value of pure blockchain projects is particularly important. Beijing Tiande Technology Co., Ltd., in conjunction with the chain tower think tank company and related authoritative organizations, used its independently developed Taishan sandbox-blockchain technology evaluation database system, combined with a large amount of historical public chain rating experience, to complete this public chain project Technical evaluation and analysis report.
This period collects and organizes the public chain related information corresponding to digital tokens with high market value (top 200). The date of data collection is October 15, 2018. The calculation and evaluation of specific indicators on its white paper, open source community, source code, technical team, project products and other dimensions, the overall situation of the public chain project is as follows:
There are 157 digital tokens in open source community projects with open main chain or smart contract source code, of which 156 projects are GitHub community projects, and 1 project (Ardor) is Bitbucket community project. This evaluation mainly focuses on GitHub community projects. Evaluation work.
For the 156 public chain (smart contract) projects with core main chain technical data and evaluation conditions, using a combination of objective data analysis and subjective technology evaluation, the technology evaluation model framework is used to calculate the evaluation score of its technology, which is for developers. With the investors to provide their value reference, the top 20 rankings of the technical evaluation scores for this project are as follows.
| Ranking | Blockchain project | Technical evaluation value |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Ethereum
Symbol
ETH
|
116.0 |
| 2 |
Cardano
Symbol
ADA
|
97.0 |
| 3 |
Bitcoin
Symbol
BTC
|
95.0 |
| 4 |
Komodo
Symbol
KMD
|
90.0 |
| 5 |
IOTA
Symbol
MIOTA
|
89.0 |
| 6 |
Stratis
Symbol
STRAT
|
89.0 |
| 7 |
aelf
Symbol
ELF
|
88.0 |
| 8 |
Storj
Symbol
STORJ
|
86.0 |
| 9 |
Stellar
Symbol
XLM
|
85.0 |
| 10 |
Monero
Symbol
XMR
|
83.0 |
| 11 |
Steem
Symbol
STEEM
|
82.0 |
| 12 |
Zcash
Symbol
ZEC
|
82.0 |
| 13 |
NEO
Symbol
NEO
|
82.0 |
| 14 |
RChain
Symbol
RHOC
|
81.0 |
| 15 |
Waves
Symbol
WAVES
|
80.0 |
| 16 |
Skycoin
Symbol
SKY
|
79.0 |
| 17 |
Libra
Symbol
Libra
|
79.0 |
| 18 |
Raiden Network Token
Symbol
RDN
|
79.0 |
| 19 |
Ontology
Symbol
ONT
|
78.0 |
| 20 |
Nebulas
Symbol
NAS
|
78.0 |
The overall analysis of the technical data of 156 public chain (smart contract) projects with core main chain technical data and evaluation conditions is summarized as follows.
The main chain or smart contract core programming language is mainly concentrated in C ++, Go, JavaScript, Solidity, Python and Java occupying 78.916 % of the entire main chain or smart contract core programming language. Regardless of the special smart contract programming language Solidity, the current main chain project The programming languages used are basically in line with the ranking trends of mainstream programming languages, indicating that these programming language characteristics are more in line with the development needs of blockchain projects. Among them, C ++ occupies 30.120 % and Go occupies 22.892 %. The combination of the two programming languages has reached a utilization rate of 53.012 %, which has become the first choice of programming language for the public chain main chain project.
The programming language types selected by the top 20 main chain projects are very scattered, distributed across 9 programming languages, of which C ++ and Go occupy an absolute advantage ( 50.000 %), but from the perspective of the widespread application of other programming languages, it presents The diversity of technology choices indicates that some other programming languages can also be well adapted to the development of public chain main chain projects.
Intelligent backbone or license contract project focused on MIT, showed that most of the public chain backbone or intelligence projects selected for contract Loose license, more conducive to the spread and use of the source code, another type of license GPL ( AGPL- 3.0, LGPL-3.0, GPL-3.0, GPL-2.0 ) occupy a total of 31.373 %.
Many of the top 20 main chain projects in technology evaluation have chosen open source licenses that are more inclined to GPL type licenses, indicating that some public chain projects with high technology evaluation pay more attention to their cores in the process of using the open source community to conduct technology research and development. The protection of technical value and the fulfillment of the obligations of its open source code license are more conducive to its copyright protection and value maintenance.
The development of the above public chain main chain projects has been progressing well in the past year, and the community has continued to be active. The total number of EOS, TRON, Rchain and 0x code submissions has reached more than 6000 times, indicating that these four public chains have been in the past year The project showed strong technical growth.
Compared with the rankings of the past year, it was found that most public chain projects have continued to be active recently, but EOS, TRON, Waves, Ark, Komodo, Bitcoin, and Namecoin have recently declined in activity.
Code contributors are the main or even the only source of power to support the technical development of a public chain project. Most of the core developers of the technical team in a public chain project will submit code for the project as code contributors to lead the technical development of the community. And the release of public chain products.
The total number of code contributors that track the main chain and smart contract projects with active trajectories is 3531 , of which the total number of main chain project code contributors for the top 20 of technology evaluation is 1252 , accounting for 35.46 % of the total number of tracked contributors . It is found that the core contributors of the main blockchain are concentrated in a few high-quality public chain projects. These open source communities have attracted a large number of code contributors through operations.
A total of 82 contributors with more than 1,000 code submissions , of which the top ten contributors are shown in the figure above, of which laanwj is the core code contributor to Bitcoin's main chain project, as it also contributes code to multiple other main chain projects , submitted its code contribution amounted to 37865 times, other contributors such as sipa, gavinandresen, TheBlueMatt is active in more projects become the backbone of the core contributors.
With the continuous increase in the number of public chain projects, in some early projects, the core contributors are often responsible for reviewing the code submitted by other contributors. This also makes many new project code contributors slowly increase in terms of code submissions.
| Contributor | Contributor name | Contributor Home |
|---|---|---|
vbuterin |
vbuterin | https://github.com/vbuterin |
muesli |
Christian Muehlhaeuser | https://github.com/muesli |
xtaci |
xtaci | https://github.com/xtaci |
fireice-uk |
fireice-uk | https://github.com/fireice-uk |
dtolnay |
David Tolnay | https://github.com/dtolnay |
jankotek |
Jan Kotek | https://github.com/jankotek |
bytemaster |
Daniel Larimer | https://github.com/bytemaster |
divan |
Ivan Daniluk | https://github.com/divan |
sipa |
Pieter Wuille | https://github.com/sipa |
laanwj |
Wladimir J. van der Laan | https://github.com/laanwj |
The total number of contributors is 3531. Many of these contributors have contributed code to different main chain projects, and this phenomenon is already very common in the public chain development community. Qualitative and technical inheritance.
A total of 488 contributors have submitted code for more than one main chain project. The fork relationship and the intersection of contributors constitute the technical relationship between public chain projects. The personal technical capabilities of the technology contributors are hidden among the projects For delivery, there are as many as 70 related main chain items.
Through the code similarity algorithm, the source code of some public chain main chain items were compared for similarity calculation. Among the top 10 items with higher similarity are shown in the following table.
| Public chain main chain project | Public chain main chain project | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Namecoin |
namecoin / namecoin-core |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin / bitcoin |
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin / UnitedBitcoin | 
Litecoin |
litecoin-project / litecoin |
Qtum |
qtumproject / qtum |
Litecoin |
litecoin-project / litecoin |
Viacoin |
viacoin / viacoin | 
Bitcoin Gold |
BTCGPU / BTCGPU |
DigiByte |
digibyte / digibyte |
Bitcoin |
bitcoin / bitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project / vertcoin-core |
Viacoin |
viacoin / viacoin |
|
United Bitcoin |
UnitedBitcoin / UnitedBitcoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project / vertcoin-core |
|
Litecoin |
litecoin-project / litecoin |
Vertcoin |
vertcoin-project / vertcoin-core |
Syscoin |
syscoin / syscoin | 
Dash |
dashpay / dash |
|
Komodo |
jl777 / komodo | 
ZClassic |
z-classic / zclassic |
|
|||
organization |
Ethereum |
warehouse
|
|
Main chain warehouse |
ethereum / go-ethereum |
 Star
|
 Fork
|
Creation date |
2013-12-26 21: 05: 46.000 | ||
Code contributor |
454 | ||
Code submissions |
11,531 | ||
Code submissions in the last month |
46 | ||
Technical evaluation results |
|||
|
|
|||
The Ethereum public chain project provides white papers and technical communities with detailed technical content. The progress of the project basically conforms to its published roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Ethereum main chain project is Go , the open source license is Other , and the code warehouse ( ethereum / Ethereum-Go ) to obtain 25337 Ge Stars and the presence of 9191 Ge Forks.
The Ethereum core main chain project has a total of 454 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors for code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
karalabe |
1161 | 7 |
fjl |
883 | 6 |
tgerring |
523 | 0 |
zelig |
324 | 0 |
holiman |
223 | 11 |
CJentzsch |
185 | 0 |
debris |
180 | 0 |
maran |
171 | 0 |
Gustav-Simonsson |
159 | 0 |
20 contributors that exactly match the Go programming skills of the core main chain project code programming language , of which the top 10 contributors for the number of code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
kurkomisi |
17 | 2 |
egonelbre |
19 | 0 |
nolash |
27 | 1 |
gballet |
72 | 3 |
janos |
74 | 0 |
rjl493456442 |
86 | 5 |
zsfelfoldi |
134 | 1 |
|
holiman |
223 | 11 |
|
karalabe |
1161 | 7 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
The core main chain project passed the technical capability assessment. The top ten contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
vbuterin |
twenty four | 0 |
|
muesli |
3 | 0 |
|
divan |
4 | 0 |
|
egonelbre |
19 | 0 |
gavofyork |
40 | 0 |
|
karalabe |
1161 | 7 |
Arachnid |
36 | 0 |
cubedro |
20 | 0 |
|
obscuren |
2620 | 0 |
shazow |
9 | 0 |
Among the code contributors of the Ethereum core main chain project, the outstanding contributors accounted for 26.415 % of the total number of contributors , a total of 6,218 code submissions, and 53.92 % of the entire project's code submissions .
The number of code submissions in the past year was 11,531 , and the number of code submissions in the past month was 46 .
The total number of Issues in the community is 9,652, and the number of Issues in the Open state is 285. The overall Bug Issues resolution rate is 0. From the time when the community is open, the openness and interaction are normal.
The blockchain projects related to Ethereum are as follows.
| Blockchain project | Source of relevance | Correlation type |
|---|---|---|
PPC
|
|
|
DOGE
|
|
|
DASH
|
|
|
SYS
|
|
|
EMC
|
|
|
UBQ
|
|
|
FCT
|
|
|
REP
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
ETC
|
|
|
ZEC
|
|
|
ZCL
|
|
|
GNT
|
|
|
SKY
|
|
|
GNO
|
|
|
BNT
|
|
|
SNT
|
|
|
EOS
|
|
|
STORJ
|
|
|
ZRX
|
|
|
RDN
|
|
|
CMT
|
|
|
FTO
|
|
Ethereum and Peercoin , Dogecoin , Dash , Syscoin , Emercoin , Ubiq , Factom , Augur , Decred , Ethereum Classic , Zcash , ZClassic , Golem , Skycoin , Gnosis , Bancor , Status , EOS , Storj , 0x , Raiden Network Token , CyberMiles , FuturoCoin , The public chain project has a relationship
Of Ethereum backbone source code as part of other well backbone chain program source code similarity comparison and analysis, and Ethereum similar items source code for the presence of the main chain.
| Blockchain project |
|---|
UBQ
|
TRUE
|
And timeline analysis similar code, the Ethereum backbone source code Ubiq , True Chain , part of the source code comparison similar
|
|||
|
organization |
Cardano |
warehouse
|
|
|
Main chain warehouse |
input-output-hk / cardano-sl |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
Creation date |
2016-10-14 21: 44: 38.000 | ||
|
Code contributor |
98 | ||
|
Code submissions |
16,996 | ||
|
Code submissions in the last month |
13 | ||
|
Technical evaluation results |
|||
|
|
|||
The Cardano public chain project provides white papers and technical communities with detailed technical content. The progress of the project basically conforms to its roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Cardano main chain project is Haskell , the open source license is Other , and the code warehouse ( input- output-hk / cardano-sl ) to obtain 3306 Stars and 574 Forks.
Cardano's core main chain project has a total of 98 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors for code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
gromakovsky |
2200 | 0 |
volhovm |
837 | 0 |
neongreen |
833 | 0 |
sectore |
797 | 0 |
Martoon-00 |
765 | 0 |
pva701 |
703 | 0 |
flyingleafe |
530 | 0 |
avieth |
484 | 0 |
georgeee |
473 | 0 |
adinapoli-iohk |
391 | 0 |
20 contributors that exactly match the Haskell skills of the core main chain project code programming language , of which the top 10 contributors for code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
edsko |
215 | 0 |
parsonsmatt |
220 | 0 |
int-index |
248 | 0 |
erikd |
248 | 10 |
rockbmb |
249 | 0 |
|
georgeee |
473 | 0 |
|
avieth |
484 | 0 |
|
Martoon-00 |
765 | 0 |
|
neongreen |
833 | 0 |
|
volhovm |
837 | 0 |
The core main chain project passed the technical capability assessment. The top ten contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
puffnfresh |
1 | 0 |
chrisdone |
2 | 0 |
snowleopard |
1 | 0 |
Anviking |
twenty four | 0 |
arybczak |
4 | 0 |
jagajaga |
7 | 0 |
|
sectore |
797 | 0 |
seungwonpark |
1 | 0 |
domenkozar |
208 | 0 |
DominikGuzei |
15 | 0 |
Among the code contributors of the Cardano core main chain project, the outstanding contributors accounted for 20.619 % of the total number of contributors , with a total of 1734 code submissions , accounting for 10.20 % of the entire project code submissions .
The number of code submissions in the past year was 16,996 , and the number of code submissions in the past month was 13 times.
There are 4269 Issues in the community and 187 Issues in the Open state . The overall Bug Issues resolution rate is 90.00% . From the time of the community's opening, the openness and interaction are normal.
The blockchain projects related to Cardano are as follows.
| Blockchain project | Source of relevance | Correlation type |
|---|---|---|
XMR
|
|
|
DCR
|
|
|
TRX
|
|
Cardano has relationships with Monero , Decred , TRON , and public chain projects
Of Cardano backbone source code as part of other public backbone chain program source code similarity comparison and analysis, and no current Cardano similar to other public backbone chain program source code.
|
|||
|
organization |
Bitcoin |
warehouse
|
|
|
Main chain warehouse |
bitcoin / bitcoin |
Star
|
Fork
|
|
Creation date |
2010-12-19 23: 16: 43.000 | ||
|
Code contributor |
684 | ||
|
Code submissions |
23,068 | ||
|
Code submissions in the last month |
150 | ||
|
Technical evaluation results |
|||
|
|
|||
The Bitcoin public chain project provides a white paper and technical community with detailed technical content. The progress of the project basically conforms to its roadmap plan. The core programming language of the Bitcoin main chain project is C ++ , the open source license is Other , and the code warehouse ( bitcoin / bitcoin ) received 42,130 Stars and 25,081 Forks.
The Bitcoin core main chain project has a total of 684 code contributors, of which the top 10 contributors for code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
laanwj |
1625 | 1 |
|
sipa |
1118 | 0 |
MarcoFalke |
737 | 11 |
TheBlueMatt |
645 | 0 |
theuni |
585 | 0 |
jnewbery |
509 | 0 |
practicalswift |
495 | 5 |
jonasschnelli |
488 | 1 |
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
fanquake |
385 | 7 |
There are 20 contributors that exactly match the C ++ skills of the core main chain project code programming language , of which the top 10 contributors for code submissions are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
kallewoof |
105 | 3 |
paveljanik |
109 | 0 |
gmaxwell |
163 | 0 |
hebasto |
188 | 5 |
morcos |
209 | 0 |
promag |
263 | 6 |
ryanofsky |
276 | 0 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
|
theuni |
585 | 0 |
|
sipa |
1118 | 0 |
The core main chain project passed the technical capability assessment. The top ten contributors are as follows.
| Contributor | Total code submissions | Number of code submissions in the past month |
|---|---|---|
|
sipa |
1118 | 0 |
|
laanwj |
1625 | 1 |
luke-jr |
380 | 3 |
jamesob |
86 | 0 |
|
gavinandresen |
485 | 0 |
|
gmaxwell |
163 | 0 |
petertodd |
102 | 0 |
codler |
10 | 0 |
|
jonasschnelli |
488 | 1 |
|
TheBlueMatt |
645 | 0 |
Among the code contributors of the Bitcoin Core Main Chain project, the outstanding contributors accounted for 33.333 % of the total number of contributors , and the total number of submitted code was 9057 , accounting for 39.26 % of the total submitted code amount of the project .
The number of code submissions in the past year was 23,068 , and the number of code submissions in the past month was 150 .
There are 17,809 Issues in the community and 765 Issues in the Open state . The overall Bug Issues resolution rate is 90.87% . From the time of the community's opening, the openness and interaction are normal.
The following blockchain projects are related to Bitcoin .
| Blockchain project | Source of relevance | Correlation type |
|---|---|---|
LTC
|
BTC
|
|
PPC
|
BTC
|
|
DASH
|
BTC
|
|
SYS
|
BTC
|
|
PART
|
BTC
|
|
UBTC
|
BTC
|
|
NMC
|
|
|
XPM
|
|
|
XRP
|
|
|
DOGE
|
|
|
VTC
|
|
|
DGB
|
|
|
RDD
|
|
|
MONA
|
|
|
GRS
|
|
|
XWC
|
|
|
MAID
|
|
|
XMR
|
|
|
VIA
|
|
